Degree of Comparision

 

Adjectives are frequently used or reused to characterize, measure, change, or identify nouns and pronouns. Degrees of adjectives, also known as degrees of comparison, are adjectives' own degrees that compare one item or person to another.

Degrees of comparison

1. Positive degree of adjectives
2. Comparative degree of adjectives
3. Superlative degree of adjectives

Rules & Regulation

Rule: 1

When two things or individuals are being compared, the comparative degree is utilised by adding the preposition "er" to the adjective word and the preposition "than." 'More' is occasionally used.

Comparative degree example:

Shila is smarter than her sister.

Khushi is more cheerful than Mahek.

Similar to this, when comparing more than two items or people, the superlative degree is applied by adding the prefix "est" to the adjective word, or in some situations, "most."

Superlative degree of comparison examples:

Kushal is the strongest wrestler.

Ranbir is the most handsome actor.

Rule: 2

When comparing the attributes of one thing or person to another, the word "more" is employed. Regardless of the fact that the initial adjective only has one syllable.

Degree of comparison examples:

Incorrect	Krina is smarter than wiser.
Correct	Krina is more smart than wise.

Rule: 3

Avoid using superlative or double comparative adjectives.

Degree of comparison examples:

Incorrect	These oranges are more tastier than those.
Correct	These oranges are tastier than those.

Rule: 4

 Avoid using ‘more or most’ with adjectives that give complete sense.

Degree of comparison example:

Incorrect	This way is more parallel to that one.
Correct	This way is parallel and the other is not.

Rule: 5

There are a few adjectives that are used with the preposition "to," including senior, junior, superior, inferior, preferable, and elder. With these adjectives, 'than' should not be used.

Degree of adjective examples:

Incorrect	I am elder than her.
Correct	I am elder to her.
Incorrect	This accessory brand is superior than that.
Correct	This accessory brand is superior to that.

Rule: 6

Similar things should be compared when comparing two things, or there should be some degree of resemblance.

Examples of degree of comparison:

Incorrect	This wall colour is more beautiful than the old one.
Correct	This wall colour is more beautiful than that of the old one.

Rule: 7

When the comparative degree is referred with the meaning of the superlative degree.

Use ‘any other’ when object/individual of the same group is compared. 

Degree of comparison example:

Incorrect	Kruti is taller than any student of her class.
Correct	Kruti is taller than any other student of her class.

 

Use ‘any’ if comparison of things/person is outside the group.

Incorrect	Ahmadabad is hotter than any other city in Gujarat.
Correct	Ahmadabad is hotter than any city in Gujarat.

Rule: 8

When two adjectives with varying degrees of comparison are employed in the same sentence, each one must stand alone as a full unit.

Degree of comparison example:

Incorrect	Neha is as good if not worse than her sister.
Correct	Neha is as good as if not worse than her sister.

Rule: 9

When comparing something or someone, we employ quantifiers for the comparative degree of an adjective to indicate whether the difference is little or large. A bit, a little, a lot, far, much, a great deal, significantly, etc.

Degree of comparison example:

My school is only marginally bigger than yours.

Mona is a little more popular than her sister in their school.

Australia is slightly smaller than Africa.

 

We don’t use quantifiers with superlative degrees of adjectives but there are certain phrases commonly used with the superlative degrees of comparison.

Degree of Comparison Example: 

In metropolitan cities, metros are by far the cheapest mode of transportation.

Prakrit is one of the oldest languages in the world.

Shirdi is the second richest temple in India.

Rule: 10

The word totally alters instead of adding "er" or "est" when modifying the degree of comparison for irregular adjectives.

Degree of Comparison Example: 

Rekha has little milk in the bottle.

Rekha has less milk than Mayur has.

Rekha has the least amount of milk.

 

What is a Syllable?

A syllable is one unit of unbroken sound of a word. Syllables unite consonants and vowels to form words.

Syllables can have more than one letter; however, a syllable cannot have more than one sound.

Example:

•          Man word has one syllable (word of one syllable are monosyllabic)
•          Water has two syllables (wa / ter)
•          Computer has three syllables ( Com/ pu/ ter)
•          Category has four syllables (cat/ e/ gor/ y)

 

Active and Passive Voice

Active and Passive Voice

Active voice: This form of writing is used when a subject is directly affecting an object.

Passive voice: This form of writing is used when the subject acts upon the object.

• When we want to put the emphasis on the process rather than the person or doer, we employ the passive form. In reports and formal documents, these are used particularly.

• We employ the passive structure when we are unsure of the doer.

Steps for transitioning from Active to Passive Voice

Step -1 

Identify Subject, Verb, Object in Active Voice sentence.

Step - 2 

Identify tense of the Active Voice sentence.

Step - 3 

 Switch the positions of the subject and the object. The idea is that the subject becomes the object and vice versa.

Step - 4

Change the auxiliary verb in Passive Voice sentence considering tense.

Step - 5

Change the main verb into the past participle (V3).

Step - 6

Put the preposition "by" before the subject which is object in passive voice sentence. 

Changes in Passive Forms as per Tense

Tenses	Passive forms
Simple Present Tense	O + is/am/are + past participle+ by +S Active: Mohit locks the office every evening. Passive: The office is locked by Mohit every evening.
Present Continuous Tense	O + is/am/are + being + past participle+ by +S Active: Krishna is drawing a picture now. Passive: A picture is being drawn by Krishna now.
Present Perfect Tense	O + have/has + been + past participle+ by +S Active: We have arranged a party tomorrow. Passive: A party has been arranged by us tomorrow.
Simple Past Tense	O + was/were + past participle+ by +S Active: Rahul wrote a letter yesterday. Passive: A letter was written by Rahul yesterday.
Past Continuous Tense	O + was/were+ being + past participle+ by +S Active: Kirit was typing a report at that time. Passive: A report was being typed by Kirit at that time.
Past Perfect Tense	O + had+ been+ past participle+ by +S Active: Peon had broken the lock before I reached there. Passive: The lock had been broken by Rahul before I reached there.
Infinitives	O + shall/will/can + be + past participle+ by +S Active: Vishal can play the guitar. Passive: The guitar can be played by Rahul. Active: Dhaval will visit the temple tomorrow. Passive: The temple will be visited by Rahul tomorrow.

Changes in pronouns

When a subject takes place of the object, the pronoun changes as following

In Active Voice	In Passive Voice
I	by me
We	by us
You	by you
He	by him
She	by her
It	by it
They	by them

Examples:

        Active: The Children are playing cricket in the garden now.
        Passive: Cricket is being played by the children in the garden now.

        Active: Policemen catch thieves.
        Passive: Thieves are caught by policeman.

        Active: She will cook the food for the guests.
        Passive: The food will be cooked by her for the guests.

        Active: They refused for admission to Rajat.
        Passive: Rajat was refused for admission by them.

        Active: Columbus discovered America.
        Passive: America was discovered by Columbus.

Gandhi and Indian literature

 Impact of Gandhi in Indian literature

Literature is the result of race, time, and environment, as Taine has stated. By race, we mean the human race, often known as mankind. Moment focuses on the element of time, the era or epoch in which it is made, and milieu is the context in which it was created. All of these forming elements influence one another in a reciprocal manner. The passage of time, as well as the sociocultural, economic, and political environments, have an impact on a person's growth and development. In a similar manner, literature emerges from social soil, ignited by the thought processes of historical figures and nourished by the tender hearts of those who name themselves creative authors.

The race, time, and environment of Indian literature have all been greatly influenced by Mahatma Gandhiji and his towering persona. From Kashmir to Kanya Kumari and from Kolkata to Kutch, Gandhian thinking was prevalent in almost all of the Indian languages during the period before and after independence. Gandhiji's experiments with his principles and ideas were in their second inning at the time. Barrister Mohandas K. Gandhi set foot on Indian soil with self-confidence, courage, and deep-rooted faith in his ideology after spending twenty of the young and enthusiastic years of his first phase of life in South Africa, experimenting the values of non-violence and truth, pursuing social justice, and promoting individual self-esteem.

The spirituality and culture of India were ingrained in him from an early age. Later, as he studied works by John Ruskin, Henry David Thoreau, the Bhagvad gita, Srimad Rajchandra, Arnold, Carlyle, and other authors, they began to bloom. These offered him an excellent chance to put his principles into action. We were extremely fortunate to have Gandhi as a leader who prayed, preached, practised, and spread his ideology, which contained gems like truth, social justice, non-violence, untouchability, celibacy, fearlessness, Swadeshi, Sarvodaya religious equality, communal harmony, rural uplift by small-scale and cottage industries, self-reliance, importance of cow in our socio-economic setup, women empowerment and their involvement in freedom struggle, faith in God. While none of these concepts were very novel, Gandhi's preaching and example of them were. He had the whole nation in his thrall. The writers were no exception. He has produced an inferno, a storm, and a hurricane that has blown millions of people's minds.

The well-known Hindi novelist Munshi Premchand considered himself as Gandhiji's pupil. Premchand, who was up in a rural area, was attracted by Gandhi's rural economics, the role of the cow in a farmer's life, and exploitation-free social structures, such as the trusteeship principle. Therefore, he included these concepts in his books "Godan" and "Karmabhumi." He has demonstrated the importance of the economic aspect in the evolution of society. The foundation of economic relationships and the means of production is the output that creates social structures. In "Godan," the author discusses class disputes, the growing divide between the rich and the poor, landlords and workers, the feudalist and capitalist attitude that destroys communities, the joint family system, and other issues. Rural agronomy is the foundation of the Gandhian economy. Hori and Dhania are examples of rural folk struggling hard and passing through life- long crisis. 

The famous novel "Godhuli," written by Kannad author S. L. Bhairappa, depicts the conflicts between Eastern and Western cultures. Namha Kaling, the book's protagonist, grew up in an agricultural rural society. He supports the idea that people and nature may coexist together. He believes what Gandhiji taught at the nightly mass prayers about the bond between God and man. He raises cows humanely rather than using a business strategy. Although Hilda, his American wife, had a commercial and consumerist attitude, he was nevertheless friendly to cows and other animals.To sum up, it might be concluded that different authors and novelists understand Gandhi's ideology and adopted it as the foundation for their works of art because they were exposed to Gandhi's doctrine through the air they breathed today.

Ramanlal's notable work Gramlaxmi addressed themes like as untouchability, widow remarriages, rural cleanliness, religious harmony between Hindus and Muslims, village upliftment, etc. His other books, such as Purnima, which deals with aiding the underprivileged, as well as Divyachakshu, which deals with processions, the Freedom Movement, and Satyagraha, all represent Gandhian ideals. It reflects the aristocratic but orthodox Indian's English way of life. They lacked faith in modern movements and were dubious of Gandhiji's actions and beliefs, yet writers and novelists have demonstrated how Gandhian nonviolence has triumphed over violence. On the other hand, the novel's youthful characters are idealistic and willing to forgo comforts. The Journey of Indian Languages: Perspectives on Culture and Society.

The period of our Freedom Movement, led by Mahatma Gandhi from 1916 to 1947, was meticulously depicted in "Kanthapura" by renowned Indian English author Raja Rao. Almost every Indian was able to sense Gandhiji's influence in some way. He gained a cult following among the general populace, including farmers, labourers, intellectuals, social workers, political leaders, men, women, and children, and was regarded as a legendary character by them. He provides a clear and trustworthy account of Gandhi's influence on rural India. It is admirable that Rao used Gandhi as a representation of Vishnu in his Gandhi portrait. Gandhi is the invisible God. Moorthy encounters resistance in his attempts to eliminate distance and force the locals to spin, weave, and wear hand-spun cloth. However, Moorthy consistently succeeds in ensuring the prosperity of the Kanthapura power struggle. Moorthy is being drew closer to the Congress celebration sports drive by Jawaharlal Nehru. Despite the colonialist government's complete devastation of Kanthapura, the residents' souls remain unwavering. He will grant us swaraj, the Mahatma said, and they will receive it.

K.A. Abbas's Inqilab portrayed Gandhi as a proponent of Hindu-Muslim cooperation and as a peace messenger because of his unwavering faith in religious harmony. The younger Anwar is the protagonist, and he embraces Gandhianism when he is just eight years old—a particularly receptive age! Anwar consistently sits across from his father and listens to the elders talking about the Rowlatt bill, martial law, strikes, the Congress party, the Muslim League, Gandhi's satyagraha, and ahimsa. When it came to them, "matters instinctually engaged him—now not to adhere with the low regulations of the government and now not to slaughter everyone." He learns the value of self-rule from his father. Anwar is greeted by Gandhi with a smile, and he is asked to sit down. Anwar is unsure of how to express his suffering to the Mahatma. He bursts into uncontrollable tears. The rotating wheel stops squeaking at that time, and the Mahatma walks over to the child and rests a hand on his head without saying a word while gently brushing Anwar's wavy hair and removing the top of his fez. His touch is so delicate that Anwar cries out in agony as he feels ever more helpless. He cries out, "Gracious Mahatmaji! Kindly deal with those Hindu-Muslim commotions. If it's not too much effort for you, it would be nice if you could spare us.

To sum up, it might be concluded that different authors and novelists understand Gandhi's ideology and adopted it as the foundation for their works of art because they were exposed to Gandhi's doctrine through the air they breathed today.

PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES

How to form PREFIX

Prefixes are letters that is added at the start of words to make new words with distinct meanings. Prefixes can, for instance, produce a new word that has a meaning that differs from the word to which they are added. They can also change the meaning of a term or convey relations of time, place, or method.

The four most common prefixes are un, re, in, dis. un, in, il, im, ir, dis, non – these make nouns, verbs, adjectives negative not opposite.

Rule 1: Do not alter the root word when you add a prefix.

• multi + national = multinational
• in + complete = incomplete

Rule 2: twice over letters in the following words. Add the prefix to the root word.

• dis + satisfied = dissatisfied
• mis + spell = misspell
• un+ necessary = unnecessary
• im + mature = immature
• ir + responsible = irresponsible

Rule 3: use il- before words starting with “L”

• legible – illegible
• legal – illegal
• logical - illogical

Rule 4: use ir- before words starting with “R”

• relevant – irrelevant
• resistible - irresistible
• responsible - irresponsible
• reconcilable - irreconcilable

Rule 5: use im- before words stating with “M”, “P” and “B”

• mature – immature
• perfect – imperfect
• balance – imbalance
• possible – impossible
• mortal - immortal

How to form SUFFIX

To create new words, suffixes are affixed to existing words. The suffixes use in vowel and consonant varieties. Vowel suffixes include -ed, -er, -es, -end, and -ing. Suffixes that terminate in a consonant include the letters -s, -less, -ness, -ment, and -ly.

The following are the fundamental guidelines for utilising suffixes in English.

Rule 1: Double the Consonant

Duplicate the final letter, when a word ends in a short vowel sound and a single consonant. Following are the examples.

•  Fat + er = Fatter
•  Flip + ed = flipped
• Mud + y = muddy
• Shop + ed = shopped
• Swim + ing = swimming

When adding the suffix, double the letter "L" used at the end of a word that has more than one syllable and ends in that letter. Examples comprise:

• Cancel + ed = cancelled
• Control + ed = controlled
• Propel + er = propeller
• Compel + ing = compelling
• Fulfil + ment = fulfillment

Keep in mind that the doubling rule does not apply if the word ends in "w," "x" or "y."

Rule 2: Drop the Final ‘E’

If the suffix you are employing starts with a vowel, you should omit the final silent "e" at the end of words when it occurs. Instances of this rule include:

• Drive + ing = driving
• Hope + ing = hoping
• Make + er = maker
• Adore + able = adorable
• Use + er = user

Rule 3: Keep the Final ‘E’

Preserve the final "e" when the word ends in the letters "ce" or "ge", if the suffix starts with the letters "a" or "o,” Instances of this rule include:

• Advantage + ous = advantageous
• Drink + able = drinkable
• Count + able = countable
• Courage + ous = courageous
• Service + able = serviceable
• Notice + able = noticeable

You will also keep the final "e" in the following examples:

• Like + able = likeable
• Size + able = sizeable
• Care + ful = careful
• Use + ful = useful
• Peace + ful = peaceful

Remember to keep the "e" if using the suffix -ly. For example:

• Late + ly = lately
• Rare + ly = rarely
• Love + ly = lovely
• Home + ly = homely
• Definite + ly = definitely

If the word ends in "ee" or "ye," maintain the "e" at the end. Examples comprise:

• Agree + ing = agreeing
• Decree + ing = decreeing
• Eye + ing = eyeing
• Foresee + ing = foreseeing
• See + ing = seeing

Rule 4: Keep the ‘Y’

At the point when the word ends with "y" and has a vowel before it, keep the "y." Instances are:

• Boy + s = boys
• Enjoy + ed = enjoyed
• Play + ing = playing
• Buy + er = buyer
• Joy + ful = joyful

Exceptions to this rule are:

• Pay + ed = paid
• Say + ed = said

Another time to keep the "y" is if the suffix starts with the letter "i." You cannot have two i's in a row. Examples of this rule are:

• Worry + ing = worrying
• Copy + ing = copying
• Carry + ing = carrying
• Supply + ing = supplying
• Marry + ing = marrying

Rule 5: Change the ‘Y’ to an ‘I’

At the point when the word has a consonant before the "y," you will change the "y" to a letter "I," then, add the postfix. Instances of this standard are:

• Beauty + ful = beautiful
• Baby + s = babies
• Army + s = armies
• Duty + ful = dutiful
• Happy + ness = happiness

Remember that there are some exceptions to this rule, such as:

• Dry + er = dryer
• Baby + hood = babyhood
• Lady + ship = ladyship

Rule 6: Changing ‘IE’ to ‘Y’

When a word ends in "ie," change the ending to a "y" when you add the suffix -ing. Examples of this rule are:

• Die + ing = dying
• Tie + ing = tying
• Untie + ing = untying
• Lie + ing = lying
• Vie + ing = vying